The role of interoception in reducing trauma-associated distress: a feasibility study.

Background: Altered interoception plays an important role in chronic stress and posttraumatic stress disorder. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a Trauma Sensitive Yoga (TSY) intervention for improving emotional distress and psychological discomfort in women living under circumstances of social and gender vulnerability. We assessed the effect of the treatment on the interoceptive mechanisms, and whether the psychological improvements were mediated by the changes in these mechanisms.Methods: The study involved a sample of 62 women who attended public community centres dedicated to supporting women victims of gender-based violence or who were socially and economically disadvantaged because of their gender. Participants underwent a six-week TSY programme. We evaluated dropout rate, adherence, and intervention satisfaction. We measured emotional distress, psychological discomfort, interoceptive mechanisms, and two nonequivalent dependent variables to enhance internal validity. We compared pre-post differences using paired samples t-test and a structural equation model (SEM) analysis was performed to compare the changes in the outcomes with the changes in the nonequivalent dependent variables. Mediation models were adjusted to evaluate the role of changes in interoception on outcome changes.Results: Fourteen (23%) women dropped out, mainly after the first intervention session. Intervention adherence (mean attendance 5.3 over 6 sessions) and acceptability were high (mean satisfaction 3.4 over 4). We observed post-intervention improvements in anxiety, depression, psychological discomfort, body responsiveness, and interoceptive awareness. The changes in the outcomes were larger than the changes in the nonequivalent dependent variables. Additionally, we found that the changes in body responsiveness partially mediated the change in anxiety and psychological discomfort but not in depression.Conclusions: TSY could be an interesting therapeutic approach for women experiencing chronic posttraumatic stress symptomatology. Our findings underscore the role of interoceptive mechanisms in traumatic stress and emphasize the importance of addressing these aspects.

A 6-week Trauma Sensitive Yoga programme is feasible and acceptable to address chronic and trauma-related stress in vulnerable women.The intervention reduces emotional distress and psychological discomfort and increases interoceptive awareness.Interoceptive mechanisms could play a crucial role in addressing stress-related symptoms, contributing to the overall positive outcomes.

Validation and psychometric properties of a brief measure of parental attributions in a sample from Spain.

The parental attribution measure (PAM) is an instrument that assesses the attributions made by parents regarding their children's behavior, for both clinical and community samples. This research has aimed at evaluating the psychometric properties of the PAM in a community sample in Spain. Data were analyzed from several samples of fathers and mothers (N1 = 253; N2 = 458, N3 = 711) who reported on their attributions and level of parental stress on the one hand and on their children's emotional insensitivity traits and behavioral problems on the other. The results did not support the original structure proposed but a unidimensional structure consisting of nine items with good psychometric properties and factorial invariance. The 9-item PAM exhibited a positive relationship with callous unemotional traits and behavioral problems in children and with parental stress. This study provides important new insights into the psychometric properties of the PAM in a Spanish sample. It represents a significant advance, since so far there have been no other instruments to use in assessing parental attributions about their children's behavioral problems in Spanish. In short, this research is intended to evaluate the psychometric properties of the PAM in a sample of a community in Spain. The results supported a unidimensional structure composed of a 9-item instrument with good psychometric properties and factorial invariance.

Predicting Sex in White Rhinoceroses: A Statistical Model for Conservation Management.

Ensuring the effective management of every rhinoceros population is crucial for securing a future for the species, especially considering the escalating global threat of poaching and the challenges faced in captive breeding programs for this endangered species. Steroid hormones play pivotal roles in regulating diverse biological processes, making fecal hormonal determinations a valuable non-invasive tool for monitoring adrenal and gonadal endocrinologies and assessing reproductive status, particularly in endangered species. The purpose of this study was to develop a statistical model for predicting the sex of white rhinoceroses using hormonal determinations obtained from a single fecal sample. To achieve this, 562 fecal samples from 15 individuals of the Ceratotherium simum species were collected, and enzyme immunoassays were conducted to determine the concentrations of fecal cortisol, progesterone, estrone, and testosterone metabolites. The biological validation of the method provided an impressive accuracy rate of nearly 80% in predicting the sex of hypothetically unknown white rhinoceroses. Implementing this statistical model for sex identification in white rhinoceroses would yield significant benefits, including a better understanding of the structure and dynamics of wild populations. Additionally, it would enhance conservation management efforts aimed at protecting this endangered species. By utilizing this innovative approach, we can contribute to the preservation and long-term survival of white rhinoceros populations.

Efecto de la exposición a ideales de delgadez en las redes sociales sobre la autoestima y la ansiedad / Effect of exposure to ideals of thinness on social media on self-esteem and anxiety

El uso de redes sociales está relacionado con la aparición de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA). Hemos evaluado experimentalmente el efecto de la exposición a redes sociales e imágenes estereotípicas del ideal de delgadez sobre la sintomatología de TCA, analizando el papel mediador de la ansiedad. Trescientos veintiún adultos jóvenes (166 mujeres) fueron asignados aleatoriamente a dos condiciones: de alta y baja carga comparativa con el ideal de delgadez. Encontramos una diminución de la autoestima en el grupo expuesto a imágenes de carga comparativa alta y un aumento de la ansiedad. El efecto de las imágenes sobre la autoestima está completamente mediado por el incremento en la ansiedad. No se encontraron cambios en la satisfacción corporal o la obsesión por la delgadez. Nuestro estudio muestra cómo la exposición breve a imágenes y perfiles representativos del ideal de delgadez parece tener un efecto sobre la autoestima de los participantes. Estos resultados evidencian la necesidad de dar a conocer las posibles consecuencias de las redes sociales, así como de promover un uso sano de las mismas. (AU)

Social networks use is related to the occurrence of eating disorders (ED). In this study, we experimentally evaluated the effect of exposure to social networks and stereotypical images of the thinness ideal on ED symptomatology, and analyzed the mediator role of anxiety in this process. A sample of 321 young adults of both sexes (166 females) were randomly assigned to two experimental conditions: high and low exposure to the thin ideal. Our results indicate a decrease in self-esteem in the group exposed to the thin images and an increase in anxiety. We found the effect of the images on self-esteem is completely mediated by the increase in anxiety. No changes in body satisfaction or drive for thinness were found. Our study shows how brief exposure to images and profiles representative of the thin ideal seems to influence participants' self-esteem. These results show the need to raise awareness of the possible consequences of social media, as well as to promote a healthy use of social networks. (AU)

Preliminary Findings on How Different Management Systems and Social Interactions Influence Fecal Glucocorticoid Metabolites in White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum).

White rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) are the most social and gregarious species of all rhinoceroses known worldwide. One of the most critical effects of elevated glucocorticoid concentrations, especially in threatened species, is its relation to chronic stress, which could potentially lead to immunosuppression and reduced reproductive activity. Our aim is to determine how different social environments and management systems might be influencing the secretion of fecal glucocorticoids in white rhinoceroses. We have analyzed the concentration of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites in 658 fecal samples from 14 white rhinoceroses, seven free-ranging rhinos, and seven rhinos from two different managed captive populations. HPLC techniques were used to determine the main glucocorticoid metabolite found in this species, and a competitive EIA was used to establish fecal 5α-pregnan-3 3ß, 11ß, 21-triol-20-oneglucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) levels. Our results reveal that management systems and social interactions had an influence on fGCM levels, suggesting that the more restrictive the management and social conditions are, the higher the glucocorticoid concentrations that are found. Additionally, sex was also found to influence fGCM levels, as in females, fGCM concentrations were higher than in males. We conclude that the analysis of glucocorticoids in relation to other factors is a powerful tool to assess adrenocortical response in white rhinoceros in order to broaden the knowledge of their reproductive biology and improve the management of the species.

Sexual attraction to men as a risk factor for eating disorders: the role of mating expectancies and drive for thinness.

BACKGROUND: Men tend to give more importance than women to physical aspects when selecting a partner; thus, the internalization of beauty standards and the ideal of thinness may be greater in populations attracted to men, placing them at a higher risk of eating disorders. METHODS: In a sample (n = 398) of heterosexual and gay men and women, we evaluated the drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, and bulimic symptomatology. Using ANCOVAs, we analyzed the differences in symptoms score according to sex, sexual orientation and relational status including body mass index (BMI) as covariate; we also evaluated the mediating role of drive for thinness in the relationship between sexual orientation and body dissatisfaction. RESULTS: We found an increased drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction in men-attracted compared with women-attracted participants; also, body dissatisfaction was greater in women than in men. Heterosexual women presented higher bulimia scores than lesbian women. Gay men open to relationships presented higher drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction scores than those not-open to relationships. Finally, differences in body dissatisfaction between gay and heterosexual men were fully explained by drive for thinness, while, in the case of women, drive for thinness only partially explained these differences. CONCLUSIONS: Attraction to men seems to be a risk factor for EDs in the case of gay men and heterosexual women. In addition, in the case of heterosexual women, other factors independent of the desire to attract men seem to be important.

Deliberate practice in resuscitation training using a feedback device, and the effects of the physical characteristics of the rescuer on the acquisition and retention of cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills: Randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) skills decline rapidly and rescuers' physical characteristics could impact on their performance. Our aim was to analyse the effects of deliberate practice using a feedback device (FD) on the CPR performance of nursing students prior to, immediately after, and three months after training, considering their physical characteristics. METHOD: Sixty nursing students participated in this randomized clinical trial (control group n = 28; training group n = 32). Their physical characteristics (weight, height, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC)% index, handgrip strength, and CPR position strength) were measured before starting the trial. The training group followed a CPR training programme based on deliberate practice, providing feedback on their performance using an FD. All participants were evaluated during two-minute CPR compression/ventilation cycles. RESULTS: The training group showed an improved ability to perform chest compressions (F(2, 115.2) = 13.3; p < .001; ω2p = 0.17) and ventilations (F(2, 115.3) = 102.1; p < .001; ω2p = 0.63), improving their overall quality of CPR (F(2, 115.2) = 40.1; p < .001; ω2p = 0.40). The physical characteristics of the participants did not affect CPR performance in any study phase. CONCLUSIONS: A structured training programme based on deliberate practice using an FD had a positive effect on the acquisition of CPR skills by participants, while their physical characteristics had no impact on performance.

SUMAMOS EXCELENCIA® Project: Results of the Implementation of Best Practice in a Spanish National Health System (NHS).

The use of certain strategies for the implementation of a specific recommendation yields better results in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an evidence-based model using clinical audits (GRIP model), for the implementation of recommendations in pain and urinary incontinence management as well as fall prevention, in the Spanish National Health System during the period 2015-2018. A quasi-experimental study has been conducted. The subjects were patients treated in hospitals, primary care units and nursing home centers. There were measures related to pain, fall prevention and urinary incontinence. Measurements were taken at baseline and at months 3, 6, 9, and 12. The sample consisted of 22,114 patients. The frequency of pain assessment increased from 59.9% in the first cycle to a mean of 71.6% in the last cycle, assessments of risk of falling increased from 56.8% to 87.8% in the last cycle; and finally, the frequency of assessments of urinary incontinence increased from a 43.4% in the first cycles to a mean of 62.2% in the last cycles. The implementation of specific evidence-based recommendations on pain, fall prevention, and urinary incontinence using a model based on clinical audits improved the frequency of assessments and their documentation.

Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Degree of agreement between instructor and a feedback device during a simulation exercise.

BACKGROUND: High-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) saves lives after a cardiorespiratory arrest. Currently used feedback devices (FD) provide accurate information on CPR quality during training. However, there is no consensus in previous studies that have compared FD to the feedback provided by an instructor and most show methodological limitations. This study aimed to analyse the degree of agreement between an FD and an instructor in the assessment of high-quality CPR. METHOD: 60 undergraduate nursing students participated in a descriptive observational study. Variables related to the quality of chest compressions (CC) and ventilation were recorded. Students were evaluated during 2-minute compression/ventilation cycles by an expert instructor and using the CPR training torso, Little Anne™ QCPR (Laerdal Medical) with its associated QCPR Instructor App software for iOS. RESULTS: The degree of agreement between instructor and FD assessments was moderate-good: CC rate per minute (Intracass correlation coeficiente [ICC] = 0.791), complete chest recoil (ICC = 0.437); CC depth (k = 0.804); CC with correct depth (ICC = 0.557); correct ventilations (k = 0.510); ventilations per cycle (ICC = 0.635); CC per cycle (ICC = 0.215); overall quality of CPR (ICC = 0.602). However, the degree of agreement should be considered poor since the limits were broad. CONCLUSIONS: Although there were discrepancies between the FD and the instructor, it would be advisable to follow a combined approach in CPR training, whereby the quantitative feedback supplied by the FD is complemented by the qualitative assessment of an instructor.

Change in the center of the distribution and in the individual scores: relation with heteroskedastic pre- and post-test distributions / Cambio en el centro de la distribución y en las puntuaciones individuales: relación con distribuciones heteroscedasticas pre y post prueba

BACKGROUND: Although average-based effect size (ES) and percentage of individual changes (PIC) are quite different, they are not independent: larger ESs lead to higher PICs. However, this association has not been sufficiently explored. METHOD: We analyzed this association based on data simulated in the context of a pre-post design, with and without control groups. We simulated various distributions, sample sizes, degrees of test-retest reliability, effect sizes, and different variances in pre- and post-test. RESULTS: The PIC is closely associated with the ES across a wide variety of empirically frequent scenarios. In the "single group pre-post designs", the linear regression model shows R2 values above 0.90. In the "control group pre-post designs", the linear regression model shows R2 values above 0.80. These results were found even when the post-test variability differed from that of the pre-test, replicating, extending and generalizing the findings in previous studies. CONCLUSIONS: (1) In the absence of information about the PIC, the ES may be used to estimate this percentage. (2) The PIC is useful in interpreting the meaning of ES measures

ANTECEDENTES: aunque el tamaño del efecto (ES) y el porcentaje de cambios individuales (PIC) son cosas distintas, no parecen ser independientes: mayores ESs conllevan mayores PICs. Pero esta relación todavía no ha sido suficientemente explorada. MÉTODO: estudiamos dicha relación mediante datos simulados en el contexto de un diseño pre-post con y sin grupo control. En la simulación se han utilizado diferentes distribuciones, tamaños muestrales, niveles de fiabilidad test-retest, efectos de varios tamaños y distintas variabilidades en el pre- y en el post-test. RESULTADOS: el PIC está estrechamente relacionado con el ES. En los diseños pre-post, el modelo de regresión lineal ofrece valores R2 por encima de 0,90. En los diseños pre-post con grupo control, valores R2 por encima de 0,80. Estos resultados se mantienen incluso cuando la variabilidad del post-test es distinta de la del pre-test. CONCLUSIONES: (1) cuando no se tiene información sobre el PIC, el tamaño del efecto puede utilizarse para estimar ese porcentaje; (2) el PIC sirve para precisar el significado de las medidas del tamaño del efecto

Alcohol consumption in adolescents: the predictive role of drinking motives / Consumo de alcohol en adolescentes: el papel predictor de los motivos de consumo

BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown differences in the motivational processes that lead to excessive alcohol consumption among adolescents. The paper focuses on the analysis of the reasons for alcohol consumption among minors, and compare the differences according to sex, age, and level of consumption. METHOD: A representative sample (N = 2,865) of adolescents aged 12 to 18 years (mean age 14.24, dt = 1.33) was collected. The variables abuse, binge drinking and drinking motives were evaluated using a questionnaire designed ad hoc, which identified the Cooper's four categories of motives. RESULTS: The analyses (ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and logistic regression) showed that there were no differences between young men and women regarding consumption or binge drinking. Minors who abused alcohol experience consumption as pleasurable in itself, as an important source of intrinsic reinforcement. Conformity predicted the problematic consumption of alcohol among boys and a decrease in the frequency of binge drinking among girls. In addition, the larger group showed more presence of enhancement and social motives. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that it would not be of interest to focus prevention on the negative consequences of consumption, but rather on the training of specific skills

ANTECEDENTES: varios estudios han mostrado diferencias en los procesos motivacionales que llevan al consumo excesivo de alcohol en adolescentes. El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar los motivos de consumo de alcohol en menores y sus diferencias según el género, la edad o el grado de consumo. MÉTODO: se recogió una muestra representativa (N = 2865) de adolescentes de 12 a 18 años (edad media 14,24, dt=1.33). Se evaluaron las variables consumo problemático, binge drinking y motivos de consumo mediante un cuestionario diseñado ad hoc, que identificaba las cuatro categorías de motivos de Cooper. RESULTADOS: los análisis (ANOVA, correlación de Pearson y regresión logística) mostraron que no hubo diferencias de género en consumo ni en binge drinking. Los menores que abusaban del alcohol informaron de más presencia de reforzadores de todo tipo, siendo el consumo una fuente importante de reforzamiento intrínseco. La conformidad predijo el consumo problemático del alcohol en varones y disminuyó la frecuencia del binge drinking en chicas; además, el grupo mayor mostró más presencia de los motivos de bienestar y sociales. CONCLUSIONES: el estudio sugiere que no sería de interés centrar la prevención en las consecuencias negativas del consumo, sino en el entrenamiento de habilidades concretas

Consistency errors in p-values reported in Spanish psychology journals / Errores de consistencia en los valores p informados en las revistas españolas de Psicología

Background: Recent reviews have drawn attention to frequent consistency errors when reporting statistical results. Method: We have reviewed the statistical results reported in 186 articles published in four Spanish psychology journals. Of these articles, 102 contained at least one of the statistics selected for our study: Fisher-F, Student-t and Pearson-χ2. Results: Out of the 1,212 complete statistics reviewed, 12.2% presented a consistency error, meaning that the reported p-value did not correspond to the reported value of the statistic and its degrees of freedom. In 2.3% of the cases, the correct calculation would have led to a different conclusion than the reported one. In terms of articles, 48% included at least one consistency error, and 17.6% would have to change at least one conclusion. In metaanalytical terms, with a focus on effect size, consistency errors can be considered substantial in 9.5% of the cases. Conclusion: These results imply a need to improve the quality and precision with which statistical results are reported in Spanish psychology journals (AU)

Antecedentes: recientes trabajos han llamado la atención sobre la presencia de frecuentes errores de consistencia al informar de los resultados estadísticos. Método: hemos revisado los resultados estadísticos de 186 artículos publicados en cuatro revistas españolas de Psicología, 102 de los cuales contenían alguno de los estadísticos seleccionados para nuestro estudio: F de Fisher, t de Student y χ2 de Pearson. Resultados: de los 1.212 contrastes completos revisados el 12,2% presenta algún tipo de error de consistencia: el valor p informado no se corresponde con el valor del estadístico de contraste y sus grados de libertad. En el 2,3% de los casos el error detectado conllevaría un cambio en la conclusión estadística del contraste. En términos del número de artículos, el 48% de los revisados incluye algún error de consistencia y al menos el 17,6% tendría que cambiar alguna de sus conclusiones. En términos metaanalíticos, los errores de consistencia pueden considerarse importantes en el 9,5% de los casos. Conclusiones: estos resultados señalan la necesidad de mejorar la calidad y precisión con la que se informa de los resultados estadísticos en las revistas españolas de Psicología (AU)

Consistency errors in p-values reported in Spanish psychology journals.

BACKGROUND: Recent reviews have drawn attention to frequent consistency errors when reporting statistical results. METHOD: We have reviewed the statistical results reported in 186 articles published in four Spanish psychology journals. Of these articles, 102 contained at least one of the statistics selected for our study: Fisher-F , Student-t and Pearson-c 2 . RESULTS: Out of the 1,212 complete statistics reviewed, 12.2% presented a consistency error, meaning that the reported p-value did not correspond to the reported value of the statistic and its degrees of freedom. In 2.3% of the cases, the correct calculation would have led to a different conclusion than the reported one. In terms of articles, 48% included at least one consistency error, and 17.6% would have to change at least one conclusion. In meta-analytical terms, with a focus on effect size, consistency errors can be considered substantial in 9.5% of the cases. CONCLUSION: These results imply a need to improve the quality and precision with which statistical results are reported in Spanish psychology journals.